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| Art by Delphine Lebourgeois |
Kierkegaard:
Father of Christianity without the religion - Interview
with Stephen Backhouse
CWR magazine is known to our
readers as promoting Christianity Without the Religion. But of course, we’re not the first to
do so. Some of the 20th century’s theological greats—Dietrich
Bonhoeffer and Karl Barth, for example—were great critics of Christ-less religion
as over against the living faith of Christ-centered revelation. But if we were
name “the father of Christianity without the religion” in the modern era, the
honor would surely go to the Danish thinker and provocateur, Søren Kierkegaard (1813-1855).
He once wrote,
There is nothing so displeasing to God
as taking part in all the “religious” Christianity with the claim that this is worshiping
God. If you believe, as surely you must, that to steal, rob, commit adultery,
and slander is displeasing to God, then official Christianity and its worship
is infinitely more abhorrent to him. Again, it is my duty to exclaim, “Whoever
you are, whatever in other respects your life may be, by refusing to take part
in all this public worship of God as it now is, you have one sin the less, and
that a great one.” You have been warned.
A relentless opponent of the
Danish Lutheran state-religion, he sowed seeds for today’s nones (non-affiliated Christians) and dones (“done with church” Christians). But his influence extended
far beyond either Denmark or even Christendom. He is also recognized as the
father of existentialism, leaving his
mark on philosophers such as Martin Heidegger, Jean-Paul Sartre and Albert
Camus. With that introduction, CWR magazine
is pleased to welcome Stephen Backhouse, author of Kierkegaard: A Single Life (Zondervan, 2016), to shed more light on
this author, his thought and his influence.
CWR: Stephen, could you give us a brief
summary of Kierkegaard the man?
Ha! No. I doubt I can briefly summarize Søren
Kierkegaard, the funny, cranky, annoying, joyful, worshipful, genius who
attacked Christendom in the name of Christ and the common man and who massively
overestimated our ability to understand him as he did so. I can tell you that
he died in 1855 at the age of 42 after a life of fragile health and probably
epilepsy. That he spent almost all his days in Copenhagen, Denmark. That when
he died there was a near riot at his funeral because his supporters and his
enemies alike were offended he was being given an official Christian burial.
That a popular newspaper waged a public campaign of mockery against him. That
two generations or so of Danish boys weren't given the name Søren because of
the association with him. That he loved - and was loved by - a wonderful woman
named Regine but that he broke off their engagement because he knew he was
being called to stand outside of the comfortable Christianized life that 19th
century Danish marriage represented. That he wrote. A lot. All the time. That
he invented existentialism, that he gave us the idea of 'the leap of faith',
and that if you value 'being authentic' or like people who 'walk the talk' and
'practice what they preach', and that if you suspect there is a big difference
between being a follower of Jesus Christ and being a member of common sense
Christian culture then your imagination has been shaped by Kierkegaard whether
you know it or not.
CWR: Kierkegaard has been called the father of
existentialism, both Christian and secular. For lay people who’ve never heard
the term, could you define it for us?
I always tell my students that 'Existentialism' is
another way of saying 'Existence-ism'. It's a way of thinking that takes YOUR
existence seriously. YOU are more important than any class, family, nation or
religion you were born into. The story of YOU includes all these things, but is
not exhausted by them. YOU are more important than any group you happen to be a
part of. What is more, your existence matters. You can make real choices and
these choices come with responsibility. There is no such thing as an
insignificant person, or someone who is only a cog in the machine, despite what
we tend to tell ourselves about ourselves. Our groups and societies and systems
tend to create narratives that tell their members that unless you subsume all
your identity to the herd, you won't be a full person. And we believe it!
Kierkegaard was really interested in 'authentic identity' which implies there
is such a thing as inauthentic identity. Another way of saying this is that for
Kierkegaard there are 'people' walking around who aren't 'Persons' yet.
Authenticity is a process. A process that is wrapped up in individuals paying
attention to the group narratives laying claim on their lives, and getting to
the place where they can choose to reject or own these narratives for
themselves. For Kierkegaard it is not the group in which we live and move and
have our being. It is in and before God that all human individuals have their
existence. Only persons relating to God as individuals (rather than en masse) will become Authentic, and
this process at it's root involves individuals recognizing the choices and
responsibility that are inherent in their existence.
Now, the atheist existentialism that most people
know about comes from people like Sartre, Camus and Heidegger and their
disciples. These guys loved Kierkegaard's emphasis on individual freedom and
responsibility and his locating authentic identity in something other than the
culture or inherited system you happened to be born in. What they explicitly
rejected and ignored was that Kierkegaard thought all this freedom and choosing
happened before the ever-present eye of God, who, by the way exists as a
Person: Jesus Christ. For secular existentialists, you don't become an authentic
person till you choose yourself. For Kierkegaard, you don't become an authentic
person till you choose Jesus.
CWR: We’ve seen that he used “religion” as a
pejorative and sought for an authentic Christianity in its stead. Or said
another way, he claimed that NT Christianity was not to be found in the
state-church. What were his major beefs with religion?
The first thing to emphasize was that Kierkegaard's
problem was with 'Christendom', not the state-church per se. 'Christendom' is a
mindset or culture. It's what happens when Christianity becomes inherited
tradition, or connected to a particular civilization or set of social moral
values. When the 'stuff' of Christianity becomes part of our cultural
furniture. In Søren's Denmark, the established Lutheran church was a part of
how Christendom played out in his context. But you don't need to have a state
church to be Christendom! Any nation that puts god language on its documents
and its money, that has churches as landmarks and names it's streets and cities
after saints, that knows what OMG means or invokes god's blessing in its
sentimental songs and bumper stickers or thinks that being patriotic is the
same as being Christian is 'Christendom'. Conservatives are easy targets, but
Christendom happens at the other end of the spectrum too. In our Christianized
west, all liberal and progressive movements have their roots in the revolution
fostered by the early church. Yet when Jesus is essentially seen as yet another
social justice guru, or when specific Christian revelation demanding a personal
response is generalized into universal declarations of human rights you also
see 'Christendom' at work. And Christendom, according to Kierkegaard, is
precisely what has done away with Christianity.
The New Testament puts forward a Jesus who was
constantly, potentially, a source of offence to the people around him. A
stumbling block. Even Jesus' miracles are not knock-down proof of his divinity.
More often than not, they are a cause of offence to the people who witnessed them.
(See Matthew 11:4-6) For the people who knew him, following Jesus didn't mean
joining a mass movement going from obvious strength to strength. It meant
choosing not to be offended at this normal man with bad breath and a bit of
fish in his beard who nevertheless says 'Come to me all who are weary and I
will give you rest.' Christendom, for Kierkegaard, represents all the
civilizing and normalizing tendencies that we humans put between us and the
short, sharp, shock of the Incarnation. The Christian religion is one such
mechanism whereby Jesus is either made so obviously 'God' that belief in him is
'common sense', or he's so benign that following him is tantamount to being a
moral, civilized citizen. Yet 'faith' in Jesus can only happen when it's a
right relation to Jesus as he actually is. The person Jesus says he is also
God. Does this offend you? Yes? Well then you are a reasonable, normal person.
No? Congratulations, you are a Christ-ian.
The problem with Christendom and its religion is
that it takes away the potential offensiveness
of the Incarnation altogether, thus denying the
possibility that individuals living in Christendom will get to choose either
for or against Christ. This very much includes the mass of people who already
think they are Christians, or think they know what it is, thanks to their
relationship to cultural religion. Hence Kierkegaard's charge that Christendom
has done away with Christianity.
CWR: So, the Christian church religion had failed to
deliver authentic Christianity. But what was Kierkegaard looking and longing
for? What comprises the real deal?
Kierkegaard was not into apologetics. He wasn't
trying to prove anything, especially because in a world addicted to common
sense (literally the sense we all share in common) 'reasonable' Christianity is
the death knell to authentic Christianity. Common sense is a fickle, dangerous
guide. Why would we try to hitch our cart to that horse? One of Jesus's main
activities was to draw people out from - and even set them against - the common
groups and inherited traditions which laid claim to their lives. In
Kierkegaard's scheme, choosing not to be offended by Jesus necessarily results
in people who start to imitate Jesus. By turning to Jesus, you are turning away
from other grounds of identity. Thus, the disciples themselves become potential
sources of offence to the groups that used to lay claim on their allegiance.
But disciples don't cause offence by being jerks, any more than Jesus was a
jerk. Think how easy it is to offend our social, political and religious groups
by simply practicing authentic Christian love. Forgiveness. Generosity to the
undeserving poor. Mercy to the deserving wrong. Healing the sick. Exercising
Holy Spirit gifts. Loving neighbors, enemies and refugees. All the fruits of
the Spirit are highly toxic to civilized common sense religiosity if you think
about it for a minute. Kierkegaard famously did not have an ecclesiology, but
that doesn't mean he had no vision for a life lived in imitation of Christ.
CWR: In his condemnation of running with the crowd,
Kierkegaard called believers to understand they would stand before God as
individuals, responsible for their own lives, faith and choices. That makes
sense—but is he not also responsible for our radical individualism that has
devolved into isolation and alienation? How might he respond to that charge?
Hold on there. If you are a radically isolated
individual, then at least part of the responsibility has to lie with you! But I
know what you mean. As I think is obvious by now, Kierkegaard was definitely an
individualist. However, he tried to separate people from their herds not
because he hated humanity so much, but because of the opposite. He thought true
sociality can only happen when people love each other properly. And people will
only love each other properly when they have authentic identity. The problem
with modern life is that we have powerful group-based sentiments which claim to
be offering more to individuals than they in fact deliver. Take patriotism for
example. In his book Works of Love, Kierkegaard reflected on the Christ-ian
call to love the neighbor. He wrote this book precisely as his answer the
charge that he was a radical isolationist. He looked at different types of
'love' on offer to see how well they serve 'the neighbor'. Some forms of love,
like patriotism, like to shout loud and long about how unifying it is, and how
good it is for people to be caught up together in a great aggregate, finding
their identity in a common love of the group. Yet, Kierkegaard points out, the
logic of patriotic love is the logic of banding together with people who look
like me and sound like me as much as possible. But if I'm aiming to love only
those who look like me and sound like me, then the ultimate horizon of such a
love... is me. Love based on tribalism is, ultimately, deeply selfish and
isolating. Dare I say, it's masturbatory. It excludes and cuts off way more
people than it includes. Incidentally we can see this in action: despite the
story patriots tell themselves about themselves, the fruit of fervent patriotic
sentiment in a country is never unity. It always leads to factionalism and ever
smaller and tighter groups of who counts as a 'real American' or a 'true Brit'
or whatever. It is significant that Jesus commanded love of neighbor not love
of nation. In fact - he defined the neighbor precisely as the person who does
not share your ethnic, political or religious affiliation. The neighbor is to
be loved regardless of what group they belong to, and, indeed, it is usually
the presence of exclusive group-love in some form or other that has resulted in
the neighbor being in need in the first place. So, one of Kierkegaard's answers
to the charge of alienation is to challenge how well group-based infatuation
serves the actual people in front of us, as opposed to some romantic notion of
The People. When an individual has truly become (or is becoming) a Person in
the image of Christ they might not be easily identifiable as a loyal member of
their tribe or class, but they sure are good at loving others. This isn't a
theory. You can witness this wherever authentic Christianity takes root. No
alienation here!
CWR: For those
who’ve embrace the idea of Christianity
Without the Religion, what takeaways might Kierkegaard offer us? How might
he continue to provoke us?
Another thing I always say to my students is to let
Kierkegaard hit them where it hurts. Stand there and take your medicine. He's
only doing it because he loves you! He saw himself as a surgeon who cuts
out cancer, or a doctor who makes the patient vomit up the poison. The poison
in this case being Christendom. Kierkegaard can be hard to read, for sure. In
an age where 'becoming a Christian' was as easy as being born, he wanted to
make it more difficult. Also, a lot of his books were written pseudonymously,
often as a way to deliberately foster a dialogue with the reader, other Danish
authors and even other of Kierkegaard's pseudonyms! However, nearer to the end
of his life he laid off the convoluted texts and wrote more clearly. These
writings can be sharp, angry, and often very funny. They are also deeply
Christ-ian in a way that some people who don't understand the difference
between Christendom and Christianity find baffling. I recommend people have a
look at books like Practice In
Christianity (which inspired Bonhoeffer's ideas about cheap grace and
religionless Christianity), For Self
Examination and the collected essays entitled The Moment, or, in older translations, The Attack Upon Christendom. Kierkegaard died while in the middle
of his 'attack' so these were the last things he ever wrote. Your takeaway? In
these pages, you might, just might, meet Jesus and at long last become a
Person.
